Climate change has become a significant challenge for the sustainability of water resources, particularly in river basins that rely on monsoon rains, where fluctuations in temperature and precipitation have a direct effect on water supply. The Upper Tapi River Basin in India an upstream segment of one of the country’s principal westward-flowing rivers provides essential support for agriculture, industry, and domestic water requirements for an expanding population. This chapter offers an evaluation of the impacts of climate change on critical hydrological components of Upper Tapi Sub-Basin, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) with climate forecasts from IPCC (CMIP-6) data set. Bias-corrected metrological data derived from 13 global climate models were utilized with 4 Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios for the near-future (2025–2050), mid-future (2051–2075), and far future (2076–2100) timeframes. The model simulations suggest that anticipated climate changes may result in high hydrological extremes such as increased peak flows during the monsoon season and extended low flows during dry months creating challenges for both flood management and drought preparedness. Even in the context of moderate emission scenarios (SSP245), considerable hydrological changes are expected, which highlighted the critical need for modification in water management strategies. This comprehensive approach integrating CMIP-6 projections, SSP scenarios, and SWAT modelling establishes a solid framework for predicting climate-induced alterations in basin hydrology, providing essential insights for policymakers, planners, and researchers dedicated to sustainable water resource management in at-risk catchments.