Trace minerals, including iron, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, manganese, vanadium, cobalt, and molybdenum, are the essential micronutrients that have established their vital role in cellular homeostasis, metabolic pathways, immune regulation, and enzymatic action. Both deficiency and toxicity have a significant impact on human health, which is discussed in this chapter. These minerals have complex synergistic or antagonistic interactions, as well as competitive absorption. Distinct trace mineral requirements are essential for individuals in different age groups. For monitoring the levels of these trace minerals, advanced analytical techniques are used, which involve mass spectrometry and metallomics. In spite of progressive research in this area, research gaps still remain in defining the optimal levels recommended for intake, understanding the disease-related changes, and also in the evaluation of the effects of long-term supplementation. Strategies should be taken that focus on the levels of balanced dietary intake for preventing deficiency and toxicity, and also omics-based approaches are recommended to improve optimization of trace minerals to minimize associated risks.