The global need for low content of contaminants in water advocated by the United Nations (goal 6) on “clean water and sanitation” and recycling the limited water supplies necessitate the advanced membrane utilization in wastewater purification, which has escalated due to the need for high-quality products. This chapter elucidates the types of membrane filtration based on surface charge, membrane material, membrane structure, and the nature of the membrane, as well as the recent advancements for future applicability. The classification of membranes based on pore size and forces instigating solute motion, fouling in membrane filtration, the operational modes, their efficiencies, and their effects on membranes are discussed. Pervaporation (PV) and membrane distillation (MD), as commonly used temperature-driven processes for treating high salinity wastewater and their demerits, often addressed by carbon composite membranes, are also highlighted. This technique separates components of complex mixtures and recovers valuable substances while removing contaminants efficiently.