Chromium, an essential trace element for human health, is known to play significant roles in metabolism and insulin sensitivity. However, there remains a need to comprehensively understand its effects on cellular and neurological functions. This chapter aims to address this gap by exploring the impacts of chromium from a cellular and neurological standpoint. Through a review of relevant literature, the chapter seeks to uncover the underlying mechanisms through which chromium influences cellular signaling and neuroprotection. Key areas of discussion include the potential implications of chromium in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. By shedding light on these aspects, this chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the cellular and neurological effects of chromium for potential therapeutic interventions targeting metabolic and neurological disorders. The insights provided in this chapter offer valuable contributions to the broader understanding of chromium’s significance in human health and disease.