Chromium (Cr) is a heavy metal that is naturally present in the environment, posing significant ecological and public health risks, specifically in its hexavalent form (Cr(VI)). This review synthesizes current knowledge on chromium’s sources, exposure pathways, toxic kinetics, and health effects. Industrial processes like alloy manufacturing, tanning, and electroplating are major contributors to environmental Cr(VI) contamination. Humans can be exposed to Cr(VI) via aspiration, swallowing, or skin absorption, particularly in places where exposure risks are higher. Cr(VI) is highly toxic and carcinogenic, inducing oxidative stress, DNA damage, and epigenetic alterations. Acute exposure can lead to respiratory distress, gastrointestinal injury, and skin ulceration, while chronic exposure is linked to lung cancer, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, reproductive dysfunction, and neurotoxicity. In contrast, trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) is a necessary micronutrient with relatively low toxicity. Biomonitoring studies identify biomarkers such as urinary 8-OHdG, MDA, and exhaled breath condensate chromium levels as indicators of exposure and oxidative damage. Preventive strategies include industrial hygiene, personal protective equipment, environmental remediation, and nutritional interventions. This review underscores the compelling requirement for regulatory oversight and public health initiatives to alleviate chromium-related risks.