Chromium is a toxic heavy metal that exists primarily as an essential trace element (Cr(III)) and a highly toxic, mobile, and carcinogenic form (Cr(VI)). Industrial processes, including the leather tanning process, the electroplating process, and the production of dyes and pigments, have substantially increased Cr pollution in soil, water, and air. Cr(VI) persists in the environment, bioaccumulates in living organisms, and enters the food chain, posing severe risks to human and ecosystem health. Although legislative initiatives and advancements in remediation technology have been made, the management of Cr pollution remains a worldwide concern due to insufficient waste treatment techniques, inadequate law enforcement in developing areas, and the complexity of extracting Cr(VI) from natural environments. This chapter clarifies the origins, mechanisms, toxicological effects, and contemporary mitigation efforts associated with Cr exposure. This chapter also explains the challenges of Cr remediation and recommends future work to fill the current gaps. It emphasizes the immediate need for sustainable methods, stronger regulations, and heightened public awareness to combat the ongoing danger of environmental Cr pollution.