This chapter investigates the history of the term “classical liberalism” and identifies some thinkers who have identified themselves, or have been identified by others, as “classical liberals.” “Classical liberalism” is now generally understood to refer to the free market philosophies of F.A. Hayek, Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman, and James Buchanan, among others. For this reason, the term is useful, but its usefulness should not mislead us into thinking that this is what nineteenth-century Britons generally understood “liberalism” to be. The evidence presented in the previous chapters shows this to be false.