This chapter explores the relationship between sustainability and Indigenous rights with a starting point in decoloniality theory. It offers an overview and critical evaluation of the role and function of human rights language and terminology within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) discourse. Prevailing assumptions in research and policy circles often suggest that sustainability and human rights are inherently intertwined within the SDGs. However, a systematic literature review reveals a more complex picture, highlighting a set of tensions between these concepts. Drawing on decoloniality and critical human rights approaches, this chapter assesses the presence of human rights and Indigenous rights language in a complete selection of SDG reports (2016–2023) through deductive qualitative and quantitative content analysis. Notably, explicit discussions on Indigenous rights are very sparse. This highlights the imperative for heightened awareness of human and Indigenous rights language within the SDG discourse, calling for a comprehensive integration that addresses the colonial dimensions inherent in pursuing sustainability. The chapter also contributes a discussion of the role of language and wording.