This volume offers a critical, interdisciplinary analysis of how the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) affect Indigenous and local communities, with a focus on the Arctic. It explores tensions between global sustainability agendas and Indigenous rights, highlighting how SDG-driven policies often reproduce colonial legacies, overlook local knowledge, and marginalize community participation. Through ethnographic, historical, legal, and feminist perspectives, the chapters reveal conflicts between climate action, human rights, and environmental justice. Drawing on case studies from the Arctic and other world regions, the book emphasizes the need for decolonial and inclusive approaches to sustainable development. It argues that genuine progress toward sustainability requires integrating Indigenous perspectives and co-producing knowledge to ensure equity, resilience, and respect for diverse worldviews.