Anthropogenic activities have caused significant ecological harm, making microbial technologies a promising solution for waste management and environmental sustainability. This chapter explores the use of microbial consortia, genetically modified microorganisms, and bioremediation techniques to effectively degrade pollutants such as heavy metals, plastics, and organic contaminants. By harnessing microbial metabolic pathways, these processes not only detoxify hazardous waste but also convert it into valuable resources, supporting a circular economy. Case studies highlight the successful application of these technologies across diverse settings, showcasing their effectiveness and adaptability. The chapter emphasizes the importance of integrating microbial methods into existing waste management frameworks to foster sustainable practices, reduce environmental impact, and enhance ecosystem health.