Recent decades have seen a rapid rise in industrialization and urbanization, thereby intensifying the process of environmental pollution and waste generation, which are today some of the single largest threats to sustainable development. Microbial technology provides an insightful road for waste management practices, utilizing the capabilities of microorganisms to degrade, detoxify, and recycle various environmental pollutants. Thus, this chapter discusses a range of advanced microbial technologies including, but certainly not limited to, bioaugmentation, bioremediation, and genetically modified microorganisms to preferentially attack waste. Special attention is paid to the role of microbial consortia in the biodegradation of complex pollutants where synergetic interactions have been documented that enhance degradation efficiency. Alongside, various case studies are given on the application of these technologies toward wastewater, solid waste, and heavy metals. It extends the idea of microbial fuel cells and biosensors as new vectors in waste-to-energy conversion and real-time environmental monitoring. Challenges of scale-up, regarding its regulatory framework and public perception, are thereby additionally considered, alongside future perspectives on integrating microbial technology within the circular economy models. In conclusion, this latter chapter discusses that advanced microbial approaches hold promise toward the establishment of a sustainable and eco-friendlier framework for environmental waste management.