The study describes the vulnerabilities of industrial systems, highlighting the security challenges posed by digitalisation. The author examines the risks posed by legacy systems that cannot be upgraded, weak authentication mechanisms and network security weaknesses. He analyses in detail the threats posed by the integration of IoT and IIoT devices and the role of third-party vendors in the growth of attack surfaces. The study stresses the importance of multi-factor authentication, network segmentation and incident management plans. The author also highlights the role of security awareness and regular employee training. The aim of the research is to provide a comprehensive picture of the options for protecting industrial systems. The results show that complex protection strategies can significantly reduce the risk of cyber-attacks. The analysis will contribute to maintaining the long-term reliability of industrial systems. The analysis contributes to the long-term reliability of industrial systems and highlights that continuous security improvements and preventive risk management are key to effectively countering threats.