Conservation is a word that comes up frequently in discussions about zoos, but what does it really mean in this context? While definitions can vary, the overarching theme is the importance of preserving natural environments and biodiversity through various strategies and efforts. In the zoo community, conservation is not just a buzzword; it’s a core part of their mission. But how do zoos actually contribute to conservation, and are those contributions meaningful? This chapter unpacks the concept of zoo conservation with in-situ conservation, which refers to efforts to protect species in their natural habitats, and ex-situ conservation, which involves safeguarding species outside their natural environments. We’ll explore how modern zoos claim to support both forms, from funding field projects and habitat restoration, to running captive breeding programmes and reintroduction initiatives. Using real-world examples, success stories, and some of the criticisms that have been raised about the effectiveness and ethics of these efforts. Importantly, this chapter doesn’t just present one side of the story. It provides data, case studies, and expert insights to help you evaluate the evidence for yourself. Are zoos truly making a difference in global conservation, or are their claims overstated? By the end of this chapter, you’ll have a clearer understanding of the role zoos play in conservation today, and be better equipped to decide whether their contributions are justified.