The Green roofs function as passive physical systems that rely on natural physical processes to mitigate the negative effects of climate change in urban environments. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the environmental and climatic benefits of green roofs, emphasizing key physical mechanisms such as thermal insulation, solar reflectivity (albedo effect), evapotranspiration, acoustic attenuation, and stormwater retention. By analyzing scientific and technical literature, both from experimental studies and simulation-based models, the paper outlines the potential of green roofs to contribute to energy efficiency, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, improvement of urban microclimates, and mitigation of the urban heat island effect. Special attention is paid to differences among extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive green roofs with regard to their physical performance and ecological impact. The study also explores the role of green roofs in improving indoor thermal comfort, filtering air and water pollutants, and supporting biodiversity in densely built environments. As passive systems, green roofs operate without the need for external energy input, instead utilizing the inherent properties of substrate layers, vegetation, and structural configurations to achieve functional outcomes. Although numerous simulation studies demonstrate promising results, there remains a notable lack of long-term empirical research under real-world climatic conditions. The paper concludes by identifying critical research gaps and suggests directions for future studies that would allow for more accurate physical evaluation and broader integration of green roofs into urban climate adaptation strategies and policy frameworks.