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The steel industrySteel Industry is among the most carbonCarbon-intensive sectors, with India relying heavily on coal-based direct reduced iron (DRI). BiomassBiomass-based DRI has the potential to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but its economic viability remains uncertain. This study conducts a technoeconomic assessment of biomassBiomass-based DRI production in India, comparing it with conventional coal-based DRI production. Using plant-scale energyEnergy balances, market data, and financial modelling, we evaluate the levelized cost of DRI (LCO-DRI), capital requirements, and sensitivity to key parameters such as biomassBiomass price, pellet cost, and carbon pricingCarbon pricing. Results show that biomassBiomass-DRI is ~$39.77US/t more expensive than coal-DRI under current market conditions, primarily due to higher fuel costs. However, under a carbonCarbon price of $82.19US/tCO₂, biomassBiomass-DRI achieves (carbonCarbon credit) a net cost of ~$196.59US/t, making it significantly cheaper than coal-DRI. Sensitivity analysis highlights biomassBiomass and pellet prices as dominant cost drivers, while electricity tariffs exert minor influence. The findings suggest that biomassBiomass-based DRI can be commercially competitive with appropriate carbon pricingCarbon pricing or market premiums for green steelGreen steel, positioning it as a transitional pathway for India’s low-carbonCarbon steel sector.

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Techno-Economic Assessment of Biomass-Based Direct Reduced Iron Production for Low-Carbon Steelmaking

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Avash Kumar Saha,
  • Chunlin Chen,
  • Nawshad Haque,
  • Arup Kumar Mandal

摘要

The steel industrySteel Industry is among the most carbonCarbon-intensive sectors, with India relying heavily on coal-based direct reduced iron (DRI). BiomassBiomass-based DRI has the potential to lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but its economic viability remains uncertain. This study conducts a technoeconomic assessment of biomassBiomass-based DRI production in India, comparing it with conventional coal-based DRI production. Using plant-scale energyEnergy balances, market data, and financial modelling, we evaluate the levelized cost of DRI (LCO-DRI), capital requirements, and sensitivity to key parameters such as biomassBiomass price, pellet cost, and carbon pricingCarbon pricing. Results show that biomassBiomass-DRI is ~$39.77US/t more expensive than coal-DRI under current market conditions, primarily due to higher fuel costs. However, under a carbonCarbon price of $82.19US/tCO₂, biomassBiomass-DRI achieves (carbonCarbon credit) a net cost of ~$196.59US/t, making it significantly cheaper than coal-DRI. Sensitivity analysis highlights biomassBiomass and pellet prices as dominant cost drivers, while electricity tariffs exert minor influence. The findings suggest that biomassBiomass-based DRI can be commercially competitive with appropriate carbon pricingCarbon pricing or market premiums for green steelGreen steel, positioning it as a transitional pathway for India’s low-carbonCarbon steel sector.