Data Sources and Acquisition Methods
摘要
Data acquisition methods in urban subsurface hydrology cover field measurements, laboratory analysis, and remote sensing. Field data acquisition and measurements include topographic surveys, borehole drilling data, groundwater level and flow measurements, pumping tests, infiltration tests, groundwater quality tests, meteorological and geophysical investigations. Topographic survey is a must for all urban hydrogeology. In all these methods data accuracy directly influences the quality of studies. Groundwater level and flow measurements require special attention as they represent the base for groundwater modeling. Geophysical methods, as a complementary set of investigations, help to better characterize subsurface conditions in urban areas. Infiltration tests and unsaturated zone hydraulic characteristics are the foundation for every stormwater and natural based solution projects. Laboratory testing focuses on determining hydraulic conductivity, soil properties, and water quality parameters through physical, chemical, and biological analyses. Satellite remote sensing and aerial platforms provide valuable data on groundwater dynamics, land subsidence, and soil moisture. Integration of these multiple data sources is essential for understanding urban groundwater dynamics. Analysis and understanding of heterogeneous urban media can be based on the concept of Representative Elementary Volume. Data management through GIS databases facilitates the integration of diverse datasets in a spatial context. The integration of field, laboratory, and remote sensing methods can provide a comprehensive understanding of the urban underground.