Laser trabeculoplasty (LT)—the application of laser energy to the trabecular meshwork—is increasingly a pivotal treatment for managing primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT), with growing evidence supporting its use as a first-line treatment in some cases. This chapter outlines the history, physiological basis, clinical rationale and practical application of various trabeculoplasty techniques, with emphasis on selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT). The mechanisms by which LT enhances trabecular outflow and its evolving role in reducing treatment burden and improving long-term intraocular pressure control are reviewed. New approaches such as direct selective laser trabeculoplasty (DSLT) and the potential of repeat low-energy SLT regimens are introduced, considering their potential advantages in accessibility and consistency of delivery. Evidence from landmark studies, including the Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT), AGIS, GITS and the Laser in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension (LiGHT) study, is critically appraised, discussing efficacy, safety, repeatability and cost-effectiveness. The emerging role of non-contact and automated systems is also examined, particularly regarding their potential wider application. The chapter concludes with a commentary on future directions and unanswered questions, emphasising the expanding role of LT in modern-day glaucoma care.