The scope of the present paper is to assess the damage to the Geek classical monument of marble stone affected by the historical fires. As a case study, the present paper deals with the Parthenon Athens that was severely damaged by the historical fires. The assessment procedure encompassed both laboratory materials tests and numerical simulation. It was clarified in our past study that the mechanical properties of specific gravity, strength and rigidity were affected by the high temperature caused by fires. In the present paper, laboratory heating tests of the Greek marble materials were carried out to determine the material’s thermal properties of thermal conductivity, specific heat, and thermal expansion rate. The relationship between temperature and those thermal properties were evaluated through the experiments. By following the laboratory tests, the thermal response of the marble columns of the Parthenon to the high temperatures caused by fire was simulated by employing the thermal analysis code, ANSYS. As input heat loads, two standard-defined time-temperature relationships were used in Japan and ISO. Although the Parthenon composes of marble columns and horizontal beams with walls, the analysis presented herein focused on the columns, modelled both as a single drum and as a group of columns with a wall. The numerical results were consistent with the fire damage being visible today, which might verify the procedure employed in the present paper. Also, the simulated stress distribution indicated that the deeper innermost part of the section might not be significantly affected by the fires. Environmental effects around the columns differentiated the fire-induced stress distribution in the columns’ section, because the existence of wall affected the stress-distribution. Finally, the amount of combustible material and its effect is a key factor to be determined in the future study.