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This chapter discusses the development outcomes of policies implemented in Mexico upon signature of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The statistical record reviewed proves disappointing and far away from the promises of the neoliberal ideology implemented in Mexico. This judgment applies in terms of economic growth, investment, poverty, inequality, wages and labor rights as well as in terms of market competition, manufacturing competitiveness and research and development. The chapter then turns to the analysis of policies adopted by the government inaugurated in December 2018, which bears a completely different vision of development in Mexico. The new policies coincide with a renewed trade agreement in North America (USMCA). The development outcome of the new policies in 2019–2024 sharply diverges from those of the long neoliberal period. Statistics show an important reduction in poverty and improved inequality driven by a large increase in wages and generous social protection policies. The chapter concludes with a review of challenges the country faces in the short, medium and longer term, including improvement in investment and research and development, both essential to the new development vision.

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Thirty Years After NAFTA: T-MEC, Can This Time Be Different? Reshoring, Value-Chains, and the Up-Scaling of Mexico’s Development

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Diana Alarcón,
  • Alberto Villagra,
  • Eduardo Zepeda

摘要

This chapter discusses the development outcomes of policies implemented in Mexico upon signature of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The statistical record reviewed proves disappointing and far away from the promises of the neoliberal ideology implemented in Mexico. This judgment applies in terms of economic growth, investment, poverty, inequality, wages and labor rights as well as in terms of market competition, manufacturing competitiveness and research and development. The chapter then turns to the analysis of policies adopted by the government inaugurated in December 2018, which bears a completely different vision of development in Mexico. The new policies coincide with a renewed trade agreement in North America (USMCA). The development outcome of the new policies in 2019–2024 sharply diverges from those of the long neoliberal period. Statistics show an important reduction in poverty and improved inequality driven by a large increase in wages and generous social protection policies. The chapter concludes with a review of challenges the country faces in the short, medium and longer term, including improvement in investment and research and development, both essential to the new development vision.