Human trafficking and modern slavery are among the most urgent human rights issues worldwide, disproportionately impacting women, children, and marginalised communities. The UK’s Modern Slavery Act 2015 was introduced as a comprehensive legislative measure to tackle these crimes by strengthening victim protection, increasing penalties, and unifying existing laws. Although the Act represented progress, its implementation has faced criticism for favouring prosecution over long-term support for victims and failing to address systemic vulnerabilities such as insecure immigration status. This chapter critically evaluates the Act’s effectiveness, highlights challenges in victim identification through the National Referral Mechanism, and discusses the need for a more victim-centred legal framework. Recommendations aim to improve implementation, bolster protective measures, and align the law with broader human rights and social justice goals.