Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract, encompassing two primary entities: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). These conditions significantly affect patients’ quality of life and continue to present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The chapter explores the multifactorial pathogenesis of IBD, involving genetic susceptibility, immune system dysregulation, and environmental triggers. Distinctive clinical and pathological features differentiate CD and UC—CD is characterized by transmural inflammation, skip lesions, and granuloma formation, whereas UC involves continuous mucosal inflammation with crypt abscesses. Current diagnostic approaches integrate endoscopic evaluation, histopathological analysis, and relevant serological and imaging modalities. Management strategies are tailored to disease severity and include pharmacological therapies such as aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, biologic agents, and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. Surgical intervention is considered in cases of complications or treatment-resistant disease. Additionally, the chapter discusses the adjunctive role of nutritional support, probiotics, and novel therapies including stem cell transplantation and fecal microbiota transplantation. Although significant advancements have been made in understanding and treating IBD, it remains an incurable condition necessitating lifelong, multidisciplinary care. Emerging avenues such as personalized medicine, gene therapy, and modulation of the gut microbiome offer hope for better disease control and improved patient outcomes. Early diagnosis, individualized management, and routine monitoring are essential to reducing complications and enhancing the quality of life for individuals affected by IBD.