The use of nanomaterials is growing day by day, and by virtue of their unique properties, they serve as an efficient treatment of environmental contaminants. With respect to their bulk forms, nanomaterials have distinct physicochemical characteristics, including high surface area-to-volume ratio, high reactivity, and the ability to interact at the molecular level, that enable them to be specifically effective for environmental applications such as air, water, and soil remediation. Despite the several potential environmental applications that have shown promise in the laboratory scale, the integration of nanoparticles into environmental technologies faces significant challenges to a successful large-scale usage of nanotechnology, including technical, regulatory, economic, health, environmental, and regulatory challenges. This chapter provides an introduction to nanotechnology, discussing its characteristics as well as its potential applications in the field of pollution removal. It discusses the major challenges that define the use of nanomaterials in the environment, providing a thorough overview of the hazards and limitations of nanomaterials in environmental applications. Furthermore, it also highlights the recent developments and emerging research initiatives that are aimed at addressing these challenges. Nanomaterials would, under the right circumstances and mitigating existing challenges to their usage, contribute towards achieving wonders for environment sustainability and effectively addressing the global environment problems.