Human resources are the decisive factor for the success of financial service organizations, especially in commercial banks. In Vietnam, following multiple internal system restructuring phases of banks, the number of bank employees has tended to decrease significantly, thereby affecting their psychological safety. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the factors affecting the psychological safety of joint-stock commercial bank employees after the internal system restructuring phase, based on the application of the Motivation, Opportunity, and Ability theoretical framework proposed by [12]. The research data sample was collected online by the authors from 1,535 employees working at joint-stock commercial banks in Vietnam during the period from 09/2024–12/2024. Using the PLS-SEM linear structural model on SPSS and AMOS 20 software, results indicate that the ability factor of employees has a strong positive influence on their psychological safety, while motivation factors and opportunity factors have opposite but insignificant impacts on bank employees’ psychological safety.