This study aims to develop an augmented reality (AR)–based health education model tailored to the needs of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients to enhance self-health management and learning outcomes. Using the Double Diamond service design framework, the study explored limitations in current PD education and proposed user-centered improvements. Semi-structured interviews with patients and nurses identified critical challenges, including the complexity of dialysis procedures, emotional stress, and limited learning capacity. Persona analysis and user journey mapping revealed pain points such as difficulties in understanding aseptic techniques, catheter usage, and fluid exchange, particularly for first-time or physically weak patients. These challenges often lead to frustration and treatment anxiety. The findings indicate that effective health education must address both technical skills and patients’ psychological readiness. An AR-supported model offers a more accessible, engaging, and memorable learning experience, helping patients master essential procedures and adapt to treatment more confidently. This approach may improve educational effectiveness, treatment adherence, and overall quality of life for PD patients.