Tendon Transfers for Lower Extremity Motor Deficits
摘要
Following a nerve injury concerning the lower extremity, primary nerve repair or reconstruction should be attempted. However, there are several impeding factors in lower extremity nerve repairs including concurrence of peripheral soft tissue or bony injury due to the high energy nature of the initial trauma; a relatively poor vascularity in the lower extremity relative to other parts of the body delaying all sorts of healing process; and longer distance between the recipient end organ of the injured nerve and its soma. For a reason or another, if initial attempts to reinnervate a critical muscle group fails, tendon transfers should be considered to regain the normal gait pattern to allow free ambulation. Tendon transfer is a surgical technique utilizing functional muscle–tendon units to restore lost motor function, and in the case of lower extremity, normal and effortless gait. Indications for tendon transfers encompass severe peripheral nerve injuries, lumbosacral plexus injuries, and infections. Preoperative workup involves a thorough evaluation of the patient for specific muscle groups and gait analysis, conducting electrophysiological studies, and considering factors influencing recovery. The general rules for tendon transfers to be successful still stand for lower extremity transfers including ensuring a healthy soft tissue coverage, adequate joint mobility, and avoiding critical loss of function from the donor tendon. Attention to muscle strength, excursion, and optimal tension is paramount for successful transfers. The Pulvertaft tendon weaving technique is also beneficial in small to mid-size tendon-to-tendon end-to-end tendon transfers in lower extremity. Tendon to bone transfers, the spiral technique, and side-by-side tenorrhaphy are also employed inn selected transfers. Tendon transfers are reconstructive options for regaining function in the lower extremity to end up with an effortless gait whenever a nerve injury is deemed irreversible.