The craniocervical junction, comprising the atlantooccipital and atlantoaxial joints, plays a crucial role in cervical spine mechanics, accounting for approximately 50% of cervical rotation, flexion, and extension. The sub-axial cervical spine consists of C3–C7. Cervical nerve anatomy and spinal tracts, such as the dorsal column, medial lemniscus, and lateral corticospinal tracts, are vital for sensory and motor functions and traverse the cervical spine. Detailed preoperative assessments, including physical and radiological examinations, are essential for identifying cervical spine pathologies. Common pathologies include cervical spondylosis, disc herniations, trauma, and infections. Surgical interventions often target decompression and stabilization, utilizing anterior or posterior approaches, depending on the underlying pathology and stability of the cervical spine.