Our final chapter analyses why the Soviet Union failed to create a use-value economy and why and how China is succeeding. A first part explores contentious issues: 10.1 the natural environment: science as saviour, degrowth, natural capital and green development; 10.2 the resilience of reformism—use-value reforms as a road to socialism; 10.3 the American empire its ideologies—populist, identitarian politics and neoliberalism and 10.4 the dis-alienated new socialist person. Part two revolves around learning from the practice of real-existing socialism: 10.5 Soviet Russia failed bureaucratic planning and a lurch to market exchange-value distribution and demise of the first worker’s state; 10.6 China’s expanding use-values and its success compared to Russia; 10.7 reward by labour hours and replacement of money by labour vouchers. Part three focuses on the future of socialism: 10.8 is capitalism tottering, under the weight of fictitious capital and what does it mean to exhaust the potential of a mode of production. Section-10.9 draws together the theoretical insights gained from using a use-value lens to explore issues in Marxism and how this sits in Marx’s holistic system, 10.10 further research and conclusions.