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As air travel grows, increasing demand for pilots and ATC operators requires greater automation. Autonomous systems can help manage traffic, reduce crew sizes, and enable a transition from dual pilot operations (DPO) to reduced crew (RCO), single pilot (SiPO), or full autonomy. A major challenge is ensuring effective human-autonomy teaming. Depending on the scenario, humans may delegate tasks, work alongside automation, or interact with artificial pilots. Independent of the scenario, autonomous systems should help reduce workload and avoid increases in pilot stress. Similarly, trust and reliability are essential—without them, automation may be underutilized, leading to errors. Further, clear communication and decision-making are crucial, and autonomy levels must align with operational needs, balancing automation efficiency with human oversight. With respect to SiPO, support systems must address pilot incapacitation due to workload, fatigue, or health issues to ensure safety. This paper explores the transition from current operations to future autonomous paradigms, considering cases of partial and full autonomy. It examines key technologies, human-autonomy teaming, and cognitive methods to assess different models. The review provides insights into automation’s role in future operations, analysing various configurations, autonomy levels, and their impact on human operators to determine optimal aviation strategies.

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Safe Return-to-Land Operations in Future Cockpits: An Analysis of Cases and Mitigation Technologies

  • 会议论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Andrew Fuchs,
  • Carmen Bejarano,
  • Adrien Metge,
  • Sara Ruano,
  • Jose Manuel Cordero,
  • Andrés Perillo,
  • Paris Vaiopoulos,
  • Ginevra Fedrizzi,
  • Anna Giulia Vicario

摘要

As air travel grows, increasing demand for pilots and ATC operators requires greater automation. Autonomous systems can help manage traffic, reduce crew sizes, and enable a transition from dual pilot operations (DPO) to reduced crew (RCO), single pilot (SiPO), or full autonomy. A major challenge is ensuring effective human-autonomy teaming. Depending on the scenario, humans may delegate tasks, work alongside automation, or interact with artificial pilots. Independent of the scenario, autonomous systems should help reduce workload and avoid increases in pilot stress. Similarly, trust and reliability are essential—without them, automation may be underutilized, leading to errors. Further, clear communication and decision-making are crucial, and autonomy levels must align with operational needs, balancing automation efficiency with human oversight. With respect to SiPO, support systems must address pilot incapacitation due to workload, fatigue, or health issues to ensure safety. This paper explores the transition from current operations to future autonomous paradigms, considering cases of partial and full autonomy. It examines key technologies, human-autonomy teaming, and cognitive methods to assess different models. The review provides insights into automation’s role in future operations, analysing various configurations, autonomy levels, and their impact on human operators to determine optimal aviation strategies.