Visualizing Racial Diversity in Anatomy Curricula Entrenches “Race” as a Biological Phenomenon
摘要
Visualization of anatomy has a long history, but most of it, that is directly linked to the modern era, was developed during the European colonial period. ‘Race’ and systemic racism have therefore had a strong influence on anatomical visualization. This includes visualization in text books, cadavers, manikins, and other training devices where the archetypical ‘White’ male almost exclusively represents human bodies. The rest of human diversity is ignored. Such exclusion resulted in a strong ‘racial’ bias in the visualization of anatomy. The solution often advanced to redress this bias is to increase the ‘racial’ diversity in such visualization. However, ‘racial’ visualization is prone to the erection of ‘racial’ stereotypes and the racism that inevitably follows. A more serious problem is the juxtaposition of ‘race’, which is not real, with anatomy, which is real and has a genetic basis. This association in a biological context encourages the reification of ‘race’ as a natural (biological and genetic) division of human diversity. This is a misrepresentation of human diversity and encourages the ‘race’-based medicine and research that is responsible for inequities in health care and is life-threatening to marginalized groups. Life has evolved, and human diversity therefore resides among individuals, not groups. The solution to ‘race’-based visualization of anatomy is to portray individual variation. Not only is it a more accurate representation of human diversity, but it also allows the development of targeted therapeutics. Hence, the growing recognition that individualized and personalized health care is more effective and less iniquitous.