The historical factors that influenced the process of building the Turkestan Railway formed the basis of this research and were the reason for writing this scientific article. Drawing on the study of archival materials from 1927–1932, this research offers an analytical assessment of the impact of the newly established railway connections on the trade and economic relations of nearby cities. The research shows that the construction of the railway to Turkestan at that time meant strengthening the borders of the Russian Empire in the region. Moreover, it brought the development of Turkestan to be a profitable market in all respects for the sale of manufactured finished and industrial products. The transformation processes were not only economic but also geopolitical, aimed at expanding influence through the construction of a railway in Turkestan. The primary objective of this railway construction was to bolster the country’s economic potential. One of the most significant nationwide projects between 1927 and 1932, the construction of the Turksib Railway had immense state and economic significance. It connected resource-rich Siberia, known for its grain, timber, and coal, with the cotton-producing regions of Central Asia via the shortest route. The construction of the railway strengthened Russia’s presence on the territory bordering China. Moreover, it gave a new impetus to developing trade between Siberia, Semirechye, and Turkestan.