This paper introduces an intelligent inspection robot system based on STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller. The system integrates a variety of sensors and wireless communication modules, and realizes the functions of autonomous navigation, environmental monitoring, abnormal alarm and remote control. The obstacle avoidance is realized by ultrasonic sensor, the ambient temperature data is collected by temperature sensor, and the remote monitoring is realized by Bluetooth module. The system design focuses on safety and reliability. After experimental verification, the robot can effectively complete the inspection task, and provides a feasible solution for automatic inspection in industrial, agricultural and other fields. In terms of hardware design, the system uses STM32 microcontroller as the core processing unit, adopts a two-wheel differential drive structure, and is equipped with a high-precision encoder to achieve accurate mileage calculation. The navigation system is composed of GPS module and ultrasonic sensor. The ultrasonic sensor selects HC-SR04 module to realize obstacle detection. The detection distance can reach 2–4 m and the angle coverage range can reach 15°. The environmental monitoring module integrates DHT22 temperature sensor and can collect temperature parameters in real time. In terms of software design, it mainly includes four core task modules: navigation control, environmental monitoring, communication processing and security protection. The navigation algorithm uses an improved PID control strategy to achieve accurate path tracking through ultrasonic sensor feedback and realize dynamic path planning. The environmental data processing adopts the moving average filtering algorithm, which effectively improves the accuracy and stability of data acquisition.