Women’s Perspectives on Poverty
摘要
This chapter presents firsthand accounts from the women who participated in this study. The chapter delineates some of the complex and complicated ways in which poverty manifests among old women in rural Ghana. Drawing on Amartya Sen’s postulate of capability deprivation as a critical measure of poverty, instead of an exclusive focus on income, the analysis focuses more on intrinsic aspects of old women’s lives and shows the multidimensional nature of old age poverty. The emphasis on intrinsic characteristics does not deny the role of low income in defining poverty; rather, as Sen explains, there is a symbiotic relationship between income and capability by observing that “inadequate income is a strong predisposing condition for an impoverished life”; and then asks, “If this is accepted, what then is all this fuss about, in seeing poverty in the capability perspective (as opposed to seeing it in terms of the standard income-based poverty assessment)?” Sen answers his own question by drawing attention to the importance of coupling income and capability in the making of policy. Age, gender, location, and education are critical variables in the income-capability nexus and point to the intersectional nature of old women’s poverty. As we will see shortly, the old women’s lack of income was important but not the sole factor defining their poverty. Also, head of household as a major prop of analysis in the feminization of poverty is not borne out in the women’s experiences. Some women emphasized their inability to work and the resultant lack of money as the basis of their poverty. Others downplayed their lack of money and highlighted their age and health, while others described their poverty in terms of loneliness resulting from the death of siblings and migration of children.