The discovery of Numida meleagris (Linnaeus, 1758), known as the guinea fowl, was made by the Egyptians (eighteenth century BC) in their explorations at the source of the Nile, and its use spread throughout the Mediterranean, thanks to the Greeks and Romans, whose culinary preparations are mentioned in the first century—Re coquinaria libri decem. Portuguese and Spanish explorers of the Modern Age brought them from Africa to America, and since then, there are numerous reports of their domestication and use in many countries of those continents. The excellence of its meat, considered superior to that of the pheasant or partridge, has led to its exploitation as livestock in various countries, especially in France, the world’s leading producer. Knowledge of these characteristics, together with the observation of its behaviour as an insect predator in the farmhouses of Southern Spain, where it has existed since time immemorial, has led to the development of various research projects which have demonstrated its potential to be reared on extensive livestock farms, as well as its usefulness as a predator of locust pests. Organoleptic analyses carried out on the carcasses of these birds have revealed that their quality is significantly higher than those reared in intensive livestock systems.