The application of genetics in sports, as explored in previous chapters, has opened new avenues for personalized training and a deeper understanding of individual variability in response to exercise. However, this progress is accompanied by significant scientific, methodological, ethical, and social challenges. This chapter critically examines the complexity of gene–environment interactions, the low reproducibility of genetic findings across diverse populations, and the methodological limitations of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). It also addresses the practical difficulties of integrating genetic testing into everyday sports practice, as well as the risks of reductionist or deterministic interpretations. Ethical concerns, such as genetic discrimination, data privacy, and the ownership of genomic information, are discussed in light of emerging regulations, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act (GINA). Technologies such as artificial intelligence, bioinformatics, and gene editing (e.g., CRISPR) are examined for both their transformative potential and the risks they entail. The chapter also highlights socioeconomic disparities in access to genetic testing and underscores the urgent need for global frameworks to ensure equity and accountability. Finally, future directions are explored, including the role of epigenetics, interdisciplinary integration, and the advancement of precision genomics, emphasizing individualized, safe, and ethically guided strategies for enhancing athletic performance.