Multinational enterprises (MNEs) play a pivotal role in shaping the sustainability landscape of global agricultural and food supply chains. With their extensive networks, advanced technological capabilities, and substantial investment capacity, MNEs significantly influence production practices, resource utilization, and market access across borders. This paper explores the intersection between MNE operations and the sustainability of agri-food systems, emphasizing environmental responsibility, economic viability, and social equity. It discusses how MNEs are adapting to global calls for sustainable agriculture by embedding environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles into their sourcing strategies, logistics, and stakeholder engagement models. The study also highlights the challenges MNEs face, including supply chain complexity, regulatory divergence, and stakeholder scrutiny. Drawing on case studies and current sustainability frameworks, the paper evaluates how multinational actors can drive positive transformation through innovations in traceability, carbon footprint reduction, and inclusive development. It concludes that while MNEs hold immense potential to lead the shift toward more sustainable agri-food systems, this requires collaborative governance, transparent accountability mechanisms, and alignment with local realities in host countries. Ensuring sustainable supply chains demands not only corporate leadership but also systemic change guided by international standards and community-based partnerships.