Interconnected demographic, economic, environmental, and socio-political forces increasingly shape global food systems. Rising incomes and urbanization are driving dietary transitions toward more diverse and resource-intensive foods, generating substantial pressures on agricultural production, trade networks, and supply chains. Climate change compounds these pressures by destabilizing yields through more frequent droughts, heat stress, and extreme weather events. Simultaneously, weak infrastructure and fragmented governance exacerbate inequalities in food access and resilience, particularly in developing regions. This chapter employs a systematic review and content analysis approach, guided by the PRISMA protocol, to synthesize evidence and address three overarching research questions: (1) What are the primary drivers of global food demand and supply, and how do factors such as income growth, urbanization, climate change, and infrastructure shape these dynamics? (2) How do the interactions between supply and demand intersect with trade policies, financialization, and governance frameworks to influence global food security, price volatility, and market stability? (3) What key debates, trade-offs, and equity concerns spanning sustainability, nutritional adequacy, smallholders versus agribusiness, intellectual property rights, and the geopolitics of food, emerge in the literature, and what integrated policy approaches are proposed? Findings reveal that per capita income growth and dietary shifts exert greater influence on food demand than population growth alone. At the same time, climate-induced shocks and infrastructural bottlenecks constitute the most critical threats to supply resilience. The evidence further shows that financialization intensifies price volatility, and governance fragmentation weakens systemic responses. Addressing these challenges requires integrated policies that support sustainable intensification, expand infrastructural investment, promote equitable access to innovation, and strengthen cross-sectoral governance for a more resilient and inclusive global food system.