Food systems are not only about production and trade, but they also reflect questions of power, fairness, and livelihoods. When societies face crises, the fragilities of governments and markets often become apparent, creating opportunities for civil society organizations (CSOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to step in. This study examines how these actors contribute to transparency, inclusivity, and resilience across global and local food value chains. Based on a systematic review of global and local experiences, the analysis shows that NGOs play multiple roles. They shape policies by lobbying for environmental and social standards, build the capacity of farmers and communities, and act as watchdogs holding powerful actors to account. Notably, they amplify the voices of smallholders and marginalized groups, who are often excluded from decision-making processes. Gender equality and women’s participation emerge as critical dimensions of this work, alongside efforts to support climate adaptation and diversify livelihoods. The chapter also considers the promise and limits of tools such as certification schemes, traceability systems, and digital innovations like blockchain. Civil society helps drive food systems toward outcomes that are fair, sustainable, and responsive to the needs of people most at risk by combining advocacy with practical solutions. Their effectiveness increases when they collaborate with governments, businesses, and communities. The analysis highlights their crucial role as both catalysts for reform and partners in long-term transformation, ensuring that food systems evolve beyond mere efficiency to incorporate fairness, accountability, and resilience.