The growing integration of robotic technologies has profoundly transformed conventional job roles once dominated by human labor. This study investigates how the adoption of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) affects employees’ job engagement and their intentions to leave the organization, particularly within the banking industry. It also examines job insecurity as a mediating variable and technostress as a potential moderating factor. This research used quantitative analysis using structural equation model by smart PLS. Data were collected from 160 back-office employees who frequently engage with human-robot collaborative systems. The result indicates that greater use of RPA is significantly linked to heightened perceptions of job insecurity. In turn, job insecurity negatively influences job engagement and is associated with a higher likelihood of turnover. Furthermore, job insecurity is shown to mediate the effect of RPA usage on both job engagement and turnover intention. However, technostress did not emerge as a significant moderator in the relationship between RPA and job insecurity. Despite this, RPA remains a key factor contributing to employees’ experiences of job insecurity.