Aging is a natural process characterized by the gradual deterioration of cellular and physiological processes. Although there are many factors underlying this process, changes in the microbiota also play an important role. It is thought that microbial elements that encourage the development of beneficial bacteria in the gut microbiome may be advantageous in this respect. Probiotic strains and their derived post/parabiotics that can beneficially attenuate basic aging mechanisms and reduce physiological aging processes have been defined as gerobiotics. In addition, prebiotics, which are selectively used by host microorganisms, have been accepted as alternatives because they positively modulate the gut microbiota. These components can modulate the immune response, reduce inflammation, exhibit antioxidant effects through various cellular, metabolic and physiological pathways, and improve many aspects of health such as metabolic health, skin health and mental health. They can reduce physiological aging processes through these mechanisms. In this chapter, we describe these underlying mechanisms and summarize their possible functions.