Driven by the need to incorporate fairness into both healthcare system design and service delivery, this chapter investigates various approaches to embedding fairness considerations within optimization models, with a particular emphasis on chemotherapy scheduling. It examines the key challenges involved in quantifying fairness and presents alternative functional forms that can be used either as objective functions or as constraints. The distinctions among these forms are analyzed, along with their practical implications. Furthermore, the chapter illustrates how fairness functions can be integrated into models under uncertainty, providing examples and variants of two-stage stochastic mixed-integer programming (SMIP) models to address such concerns.