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The journey of wireless communication has come a long way and is an inseparable part of our lives today. There is a remarkable development in wireless technologies ranging from first generation to the evolving sixth generation. Each generation accompanies significant improvement over the previous generation. The limitations in each generation contributed to the significant growth of the next generation. 1G was developed as an analog communication network to serve primarily military and few commercial applications only. From the advent of 2G, one of the prime objectives were to have improved capacity and connectivity in the wireless network. However, the main focus of 3G and 4G communication networks was high speed and low latency rate. But from advance 5G to 6G, the focus has been shifted to build a more reliable and energy efficient communication network. In this paper, an elaborative review of wireless communication generations is presented. A comprehensive study has been conducted which provide details about the development of these wireless technologies. A comparative study involving key development parameters of these generations of wireless communication has also been carried out thoroughly. An overview of state of art in research of wireless communication technologies has also been included. The limitations of advance 4G and 5G in terms of latency rate, speed of operation and global coverage which are responsible to the development of 6G has been profoundly mentioned. Also, the societal and environmental needs for the development of 6G has been highlighted. The drive to have an energy efficient and sustainable 6G has also been discussed subsequently. Not only the existing 6G trends, vision and development has been presented but also the ongoing research on 6G highlighting the specifications, technologies, industrial market and applications has also been explored. Few Energy efficient materials has also been proposed which could be used in the development of 6G wireless antennas. Finally, we discuss the future scope and key challenges that are in the way of 6G wireless communication technology and beyond.

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Development of Wireless Communication Technologies from 1G to Sustainable 6G

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Krishna Rathore,
  • Meenakshi Gupta

摘要

The journey of wireless communication has come a long way and is an inseparable part of our lives today. There is a remarkable development in wireless technologies ranging from first generation to the evolving sixth generation. Each generation accompanies significant improvement over the previous generation. The limitations in each generation contributed to the significant growth of the next generation. 1G was developed as an analog communication network to serve primarily military and few commercial applications only. From the advent of 2G, one of the prime objectives were to have improved capacity and connectivity in the wireless network. However, the main focus of 3G and 4G communication networks was high speed and low latency rate. But from advance 5G to 6G, the focus has been shifted to build a more reliable and energy efficient communication network. In this paper, an elaborative review of wireless communication generations is presented. A comprehensive study has been conducted which provide details about the development of these wireless technologies. A comparative study involving key development parameters of these generations of wireless communication has also been carried out thoroughly. An overview of state of art in research of wireless communication technologies has also been included. The limitations of advance 4G and 5G in terms of latency rate, speed of operation and global coverage which are responsible to the development of 6G has been profoundly mentioned. Also, the societal and environmental needs for the development of 6G has been highlighted. The drive to have an energy efficient and sustainable 6G has also been discussed subsequently. Not only the existing 6G trends, vision and development has been presented but also the ongoing research on 6G highlighting the specifications, technologies, industrial market and applications has also been explored. Few Energy efficient materials has also been proposed which could be used in the development of 6G wireless antennas. Finally, we discuss the future scope and key challenges that are in the way of 6G wireless communication technology and beyond.