This chapter examines the optimization of basic structural elements such as beams, columns, and slabs. It presents common objective functions, including weight reduction and cost minimization, while addressing constraints related to strength, serviceability, and constructability. Methods for optimizing reinforced concrete and steel members are discussed, demonstrating how optimization techniques can refine cross-sectional dimensions, reinforcement layouts, and material usage. The chapter highlights practical aspects of integrating optimization into design, such as compliance with codes and standards, as well as computational efficiency. Case examples illustrate the trade-offs between economy, safety, and sustainability. By focusing on the optimization of individual elements, the chapter bridges theoretical concepts with engineering practice, providing the reader with concrete strategies for improving structural efficiency and resource utilization at the component level.