Prevention and Treatment Strategies in Cardiovascular–Renal–Metabolic Syndrome
摘要
Cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a systemic disorder that can be linked to the pathophysiological interdependence between chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and metabolic syndrome. The intricate interplay between cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic systems is perceived as a significant challenge by healthcare professionals, due to the complex pathophysiology of the CKM syndrome, its abnormally high prevalence in the general population, and the associated risk of morbidity and mortality. This syndrome has a considerable clinical impact on other organs and systems, being strongly linked to premature deterioration of cognitive functions, obstructive sleep apnea, higher cancer risk, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Current guidelines focus on preventive strategies, including lifestyle changes, and on common treatment options, both older and newer drugs such as iSGLT2, that are indicated not only in CVD but also in CKD and metabolic diseases such as diabetes.