Farmed animals have been used in anatomical and physiological studies since classical times, presumably for reasons of widespread availability, the benefits of comparative studies and size-relevance. Some forms, e.g. fish and cephalopoda, were probably used for their curiosity value alone. From earliest times, observers have complained that the pain and suffering experienced by animals involved in noxious studies were immorally cruel and undermined the value of scientific observations, although these were not sufficient reasons to stop the practice. That farmed animals were reared primarily for consumption and so were destined to experience profound unpleasantness during the slaughter and butchery process probably assuaged the concerns of those conducting farmed animal vivisection but not the pain nor suffering endured by the animals involved. The introduction of anaesthetics in the mid-nineteenth century went some way to improve matters, although an increased awareness of sentience as a characteristic of an ever-increasing range of non-human animals—farmed or otherwise—and their inclusion into a moral community was probably more influential. The animal rights movement of the late twentieth century focused societal interest into the fate of all animals involved in biomedical research and through numerous strategies prompted the creation of legislation protecting laboratory animals. This chapter encourages the reader to imagine the experiences of farmed animals undergoing biomedical research throughout history while identifying the major developments that have arisen to minimize their pain and suffering.