BiotechnologyBiotechnology is pivotal in sustainable waste managementWaste management and bioenergyBioenergy production, offering innovative solutions to overcome environmental challenges. Recent advancements in biotechnological processes, including anaerobic digestionAnaerobic digestion, fermentation, and microbialMicrobial fuel cells, have enabled efficient conversion of organic wasteOrganic waste into biofuelsBiofuels such as biogas, bioethanol, and biodiesel. Mixed microbial cultures, enzymatic hydrolysis, and genetically engineered microbes have further enhanced the efficiency of bioenergy production from agricultural residues, municipal solid waste, and industrialIndustrial effluents. Additionally, microalgae-based biotechnologiesBiotechnology show promise for wastewater treatment while generating biofuelsBiofuels and high-value bioproducts. Integrating waste-to-energyWaste-to-energy (WTE) technologies with emerging bioeconomyBioeconomy strategies contributes to circular resource utilization, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing environmental pollutionEnvironmental pollution. However, challenges such as feedstock variability, process optimization, and economic viability remain critical for large-scale implementation. Future research should focus on improving bioconversion efficiency, developing cost-effective enzyme systems, and integrating hybrid approaches that combine biological, chemical, and thermochemical processes for enhanced bioenergyBioenergy recovery. This chapter explores the latest advancements in biotechnological interventions for waste disposal and alternative bioenergyBioenergy generationBioenergy generation, highlighting their potential to contribute to global sustainabilitySustainability goals. Through cutting-edge research and emerging technologies, biotechnologyBiotechnology holds the key to a cleaner, more energy-efficient future.