Agriculture in India faces various sustainability challenges due to the depletion of natural resources and the impact of climate change. There is an urgent need to transition towards farming practices that protect the environment and strengthen farmers’ livelihoods. Agroecological approaches apply ecological concepts to optimally utilize on-farm resources through low-external input methods. This paper aims to comprehensively review various agroecological approaches and practices in Indian agriculture. It analyses their potential to ensure environmentally friendly production as well as social and economic benefits for farmers. The review covers practices like agroforestry, water harvesting structures, and organic farming methods. The role of these eco-friendly solutions on soil health, resilience, and farmer incomes is analysed based on available literature. The paper also discusses the role of policy support in promoting agroecological innovations and linking farmers to remunerative markets. The conclusion summarizes the key learnings around agroecology’s ability to synergistically achieve sustainability and resilience while meeting nutrition and income security goals in Indian agriculture. The study contributes towards a sustainable agricultural transition in India in light of the sustainable development goals adopted by the United Nations.