This chapter discusses the context and challenges for environmental and climate justice in the northern or Arctic parts of the Nordic region. These spaces present interesting opportunities to examine notions of exceptionalism and inner diversity with regard to Nordic policies and practices concerning land use. In this chapter, we ask: “Who can do what with the land?” and “How are these activities shaped by, and shaping, environmental and climate change?” To answer these questions, we examine historical and contemporary land use dynamics vis-à-vis colonialism, governance, and rights and assess what tensions may exist between state regulations, Indigenous rights, local communities’ interests, and environmental climate imperatives. In our discussion, we use the several lenses of justice including the distribution of harms and benefits, access to participation in decision-making processes and recognition. In so doing we show how public and private land governance frameworks affect local communities’ interests and the implementation of the rights of Indigenous peoples in the Nordic countries relative to climate and the environment.