The world is passing through a time when food and nutrition security has become a serious issue because of increasing population, increasing incidence of drought due to changing climate, shrinking natural resource base, and ever-increasing management constraints. The increasing food demands of a growing human population and the need for an environmentally friendly strategy for sustainable agricultural development require significant attention when addressing the issue of enhancing crop productivity. This chapter discusses the role of different components of integrated nutrient management (INM) in addressing drought and resolving these concerns, as INM is a promising strategy for addressing such challenges. The results of various long-term experiments (LTEs) conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and India have shown that neither organic nor mineral fertilizers alone can achieve sustainability in crop production. Strong and convincing evidence indicates that INM practice could be an innovative and environmentally friendly strategy for sustainable agriculture worldwide. INM holds great promise in meeting the growing nutrient demands of intensive agriculture. Comprehensive literature research has revealed that INM increases crop yields by 8–150% as compared with conventional practices; it also increases water and nutrients use efficiency and enhances economic returns to farmers. Inorganic fertilizers, organic manures, crop residues, legumes/green manure and bio-fertilizers are the main components of INM system. The use of INM increases crop productivity and grain quality, ensuring food security and environmental and soil quality in sustainable manner. INM is an approach that optimizes water use efficiency during drought, maintains soil health, plant nutrient availability and crop productivity through optimization of the benefits from all possible sources of plant nutrients.