As the industry is moving at pace with different workflows pertaining to the integration of datasets and analysis in day-to-day work in finding the best areas to explore hydrocarbons, it is essential to integrate the available datasets effectively in the regional to local scale. To conceive the earth model in the area of interest, it is important for every stakeholder in the industry to have the best approach and technology which can be able to actually organize the relevant data, manage effectively, and process different tasks. Petroleum systems modeling is the technology which can do that effectively in analyzing various aspects of data integration (geological, geophysical, and geochemical) and risking. It is an essential part of the petroleum systems analysis now-a-days. In this chapter, a generic workflow is introduced along with a dataset needed to perform the Petroleum system analysis through basin modeling studies. The main emphasis was given to the input dataset, including the data to be used for calibrations in the model used in conventional petroleum systems analysis for effective assessments of petroleum systems. A detailed analysis of the basic data set used for different aspects of conventional petroleum systems analysis in all the category I and II basins were undertaken. With that background, a listing of the basic dataset and tasks that need to be looked at was made. This includes data gaps related to basic petroleum systems element inputs like source, reservoir, seal; related to basic processes like migration, pore pressure, geomechanical aspects; sub-basalt, sub-thrust, basement exploration in different basins; to uncertainty analysis focusing on facies, reservoir, trap, and charge; and risk-sensitivity analysis of the dataset. Then a comprehensive list of challenges and data generation issues in each of the 13 basins, including the subbasins, is summarized. After the detailed analysis of all the aspects related to basic and advanced petroleum systems analysis in the above Indian basins, considering the main listing of data gaps, proper workflow implementation considering the challenges and the proper assessment of the risk and uncertainty associated with the dataset, a path forward is proposed for efficient derisking of the prospectivity in potential areas of Indian basins.