The Dropout Phenomenon in Liver Regeneration
摘要
Hepatic regeneration techniques are a pivotal procedure in cases where the disease burden prevents a traditional one-stage resection. Nevertheless, sometimes these techniques are not sufficient to achieve an adequate volume (Fig. 21.1). Classical two-stage hepatectomy (TSH) and portal vein embolization (PVE) are traditional strategies to induce future liver remanent (FLR) hypertrophy; however, both methods have limitations in inducing rapid liver growth. Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) has gained prominence as a salvage technique in complex liver surgeries, particularly following failed conventional TSH or PVE. The emergence of liver venous deprivation (LVD) represents a new alternative for regeneration with promising results, although with a dropout rate that needs further analysis to ensure better criteria selection in the future. This chapter offers a comprehensive analysis of dropout and oncological failure in PVE, TSH, LVD, or even ALPPS, focusing on patient selection, factors influencing interstage progression, and strategies to mitigate dropout.